Archaeological Field Guide: Essential Tips For Distinguishing Artefacts From Artifacts

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Archaeological Field Guide: Essential Tips for Distinguishing Artefacts from Artifacts

Archaeology is a fascinating field, filled with the thrill of discovery and the meticulous work of uncovering the past. A crucial part of any archaeological dig is the careful identification and recording of finds. However, a common point of confusion for both novice and experienced archaeologists is the difference between artefacts and artifacts. While often used interchangeably, they represent distinct concepts that require careful consideration. This field guide provides essential tips to distinguish between these terms and ensure accurate recording and interpretation of discoveries.

Artefacts vs. Artifacts: Understanding the Nuances

The terms "artefact" and "artifact" are frequently used synonymously, causing considerable ambiguity. However, there's a subtle but important distinction:

• Artefact: This term is predominantly used in British English and its associated Commonwealth countries. It refers to an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.

• Artifact: This term is more commonly used in American English and generally refers to an object made by a human being, typically one that is historically significant.

While the definitions are very similar, the key difference lies in the subtle shift in emphasis. "Artefact" often subtly implies a wider range of human-made objects, including those that might not necessarily possess significant historical or cultural value, while "artifact" tends to focus more strongly on the object's significance.

Essential Tips for Identifying Archaeological Finds

The successful identification of finds hinges on careful observation, meticulous recording, and a strong understanding of archaeological context. Here are some key tips to aid in distinguishing between potentially significant finds (artefacts/artifacts) and natural formations or modern debris:

1. Context is King: The Importance of Location and Association

The context of a find is paramount. Where was the object found? What other objects were found nearby? Was it buried, lying on the surface, or embedded within a specific stratigraphic layer? Understanding the provenience (the precise location and context of a find) provides crucial information about its age, use, and significance. A seemingly insignificant object can become significant when its location reveals a crucial connection to other artifacts.

2. Material Analysis: Identifying the Composition

Analyzing the material composition of a find can be critical. Is it made of stone, pottery, metal, bone, or organic material? Different materials offer clues about the technology and time period of the find. For instance, identifying the type of clay used in pottery can narrow down the possible dating range. Microscopic analysis can reveal further details and even the presence of traces of other materials (e.g. paint pigments) which offer extra information.

3. Manufacturing Techniques: Recognizing Human Intervention

Look for evidence of human modification. Were tools or techniques used to shape the object? The presence of deliberate shaping, carving, grinding, or polishing points towards human intervention, separating an artefact/artifact from naturally occurring formations. Consider things like tool marks, fire damage associated with human activity, or deliberate shaping into specific forms.

4. Comparing with Known Examples: Using Comparative Analysis

Once you have recorded the details of a find, compare it to known examples from the region. Refer to published archaeological reports, museum collections, and databases. Comparative analysis helps in identifying the type of artefact/artifact, its age, and its function.

5. Documentation is Crucial: Recording Every Detail

Meticulous documentation is essential. Record the exact location using GPS coordinates, detailed sketches, photographs from multiple angles, and comprehensive descriptions. Detailed notes on its context, material, size, and any observable features will ensure the preservation of information, even if the object is later moved or lost.

Distinguishing Artefacts/Artifacts from Natural Objects

A common challenge is distinguishing human-made objects from natural formations. Careful observation is vital. Consider:

• Natural erosion vs. intentional shaping: Does the object show signs of natural weathering and erosion, or deliberate shaping and refinement?

• Biological remains vs. crafted objects: Are organic remains, such as bones or wood, naturally occurring, or have they been modified or used as material for tools or ornaments?

• Geological formations vs. human-built structures: Distinguishing between naturally occurring rock formations and structures built by humans requires careful assessment of the context and observable characteristics.

Conclusion: The Importance of Precision

The precise identification and recording of artefacts/artifacts are crucial to the understanding of past human societies. By carefully considering the context, material, manufacturing techniques, and comparing the object to other known examples, archaeologists can distinguish between human-made objects and natural formations, ensuring that the story of the past is accurately recorded and interpreted. Precision and attention to detail are fundamental to the success of any archaeological excavation.